24.8.18

Is A Latin American War Imminent?

The BBC Seems to Think It Is?
     Probably the biggest threat to the United States is not Trump, Russia, China, Iran, North Korea nor global warming. Most likely, as August fades into September in 2018, the biggest threat to the USA is probably its extremely powerful, billionaire-powered extremist left-wing media. Comprised mainly of NBC, CBS, ABC, MSNBC, CNN, the New York Times, and the Washington Post, collectively that extreme left-wing juggernaut is nothing more and nothing less than an awesomely incessant propaganda machine. For going on two years that juggernaut has dispensed covering the news and concentrated almost solely on a media coup to eliminate President Donald Trump. While I and many millions of other Americans are anti-Trump, we -- unlike the juggernaut -- respect the electoral process that put the unqualified Trump in the White House, mostly because enough Americans were/are fed-up with left-wing and right-wing extremism along with a bought-and-paid-for, money-crazed Two Party political system. {The right-wing Fox News is also a propaganda machine but less threatening than the more omnipotent left-wing coalition}.
      The propaganda preamble paragraph above  takes us to the photo above. It shows a real journalist -- Stephen Sackur -- on a real broadcast news network -- the London-based international juggernaut known worldwide as the BBC. Sackur hosts one of the BBC's typically informative journalistic programs -- Hardtalk. On Hardtalk this week -- August 23rd, 2018 -- Sackur interviewed the new President of Colombia Ivan Duque because the brilliant Sackur and the BBC apparently think that Duque's election portends an imminent war for Latin America. I tend to agree and I will explain why.
    A 41-year-old right-winger, Ivan Duque has been drug-ravished Colombia's President only for a couple of weeks. But that's long enough for the BBC and others to wonder aloud if Duque, backed by the powerful right-wing coalition of Counter Revolutionary Cubans and Venezuelans congregating in Miami, will launch a U.S.-backed war across the Colombian-Venezuelan border to eliminate besieged Venezuelan President Nicolas Madura as a Big Blow to Cuba, which both Duque and the Trump presidency in the USA believe is ripe for overthrow in the supposedly more vulnerable post-Fidel Castro era.
      Extreme anti-Cuban right-wingers in Miami and in the U. S. Congress rejoiced uncontrollably when Ivan Duque was elected President of Colombia. Dire political and economic turmoil in oil-rich Venezuela has caused thousands of Venezuelans to cross over into Colombia, now providing Duque and his ally, the U. S., the excuse to take military action. The BBC's Stephen Sackur on Aug. 23-2018 asked Duque face-to-face if such an attack is imminent, and Duque demurred. Sackur also asked Duque IF THE MAIN PROBELM IN COLOMBIA RIGHT NOW IS NOT ITS LEGENDARY DRUG PRODUCTION BUT INSTEAD THE WHOLESALE MURDERS, ALLEGEDLY BY GOVERNMENT FORCES, OF CONSERVATIVE AND LEFT-WING OPERATIVES?? And again Duque demurred. But clearly the scariest thing about Duque being the new Colombian President is his ties to right-wingers in Miami and Washington. Duque, in fact, is a lawyer educated at American University and Georgetown University in the very political heart of the USA.
     But this is the photo used by the BBC that should most concern anyone who does not want an imminent Latin America War that would surely involve the United States and perhaps other world powers as well as create revolutionary-type resistance in Venezuela and perhaps elsewhere. On the left above is former Colombian President Alvaro Uribe and on the right is his pupil Ivan Duque, the newly elected President of Colombia. Here's why this photo is scary: When he was Colombia's President, Uribe was tightly aligned with U. S. President George W. Bush in their fierce anti-Cuban endeavors. As ex-Presidents, Uribe, George W. Bush, and the rest of the Bush dynasty have remained extremely close, reportedly including social meetings and family vacations. And now with Duque as Colombia's new President tightly aligned with Uribe as well as the Bush dynasty and the anti-Cubans in Miami and Washington, ASK YOURSELF THIS QUESTION: Does the world's best news source, the UK's BBC, have a right to wonder if a Colombian-USA military regime change in Venezuela is imminent OR NOT?? Well, the great BBC journalist Stephen Sackur in that August 23-2018 interview asked President Duque that question. Duque replied, "I am not a puppet and Uribe is not the puppeteer." Really? It appears Duque is a puppet and Uribethe anti-Cuban zealot aligned with the Bush dynasty, is Duque's puppeteer. And that direly concerns the BBC.
     This famous photo has added relevance today. It shows Alvaro Uribe, then the President of Colombia, being driven around the Bush Ranch in Texas by George W. Bush, then the President of the United States. At the time, Uribe & Bush represented the two biggest  economic and military threats to Revolutionary Cuba and its Latin American allies, especially Venezuela, Nicaragua, and Bolivia. Uribe's drug-infested Colombia was/is not a destitute country but it still receives billions of dollars in U. S. aid, supposedly to battle the drug cartels and not other countries that might at least SEEM to be unfriendly to the United States.
     As the influential ex-President of the United States, George W. Bush and the rest of the still very vibrant Bush dynasty remain extremely tight with the ex-President of Colombia, Alvaro Uribe. The best news organization in the world, the BBC seems to be thinking this week -- late in August of 2018 -- that the Bush-Uribe ties once again represent the biggest threat to Cuba and thus also to direly troubled Venezuela. WHY? Because Colombia now has, in right-wing Ivan Duque, a new President that is a Uribe protege and therefore another Uribe-like Bush ally.
In other words:
    While the mainstream USA news media is almost exclusively devoted to creating a regime change in Donald Trump's American White House, the best news organization in the world, the BBC, is actually covering that aspect with journalistic impartiality but also actually covering OTHER pertinent news. Therefore, the BBC is studying the above map and wondering if Colombia's new Bush & Uribe-like President {Duque} is about to team with the U. S. militarily to provoke a regime change across the border in Venezuela. If so, America's ongoing bloody, trillion-dollar, 16-year war in Afghanistan might pale in comparison to a possible Latin American conflagration that would likely be unending and spark new Revolutions like the U. S. earlier sparked and lost in Cuba to Castro and in Nicaragua to Castro-disciple Daniel Ortega, who is still Nicaragua's President today.
    All that brings me back to a real broadcast network, the BBC, and a real broadcast journalist, Stephen Sackur. {By the way, the BBC is readily available in the USA at, for example, Channel 346 on my Direct TV cable}. While the mainstream U. S. media insults journalism with its incessant anti-Trump/pro-Trump propaganda, the BBC superbly and impartially covers the news. Stephen Sackur and the BBC this week reminded the world of the imminent possibility of the U. S. for sure, and other world powers perhaps, getting involved in a Latin American war if Colombia's new U.S.-trained President Ivan Duque decides on a regime change across the border in Venezuela. Americans, instead of being trained-seals putting up with left-wing and right-wing extremist propaganda that dictates and saturates their media, should at least demand that the United States has at least one major news organization that resembles the BBC.
     The USA networks have saturated the airways with propaganda-anchors and propaganda-pundits as opposed to broadcast journalists. That's in stark contrast to the BBC's true journalists as illustrated above. The BBC is available in at least 210 nations, including the USA. You can easily Google to see what channel your cable provider has BBC World News on.
   Getting your USA and World news from Stephen Sackur and the other real journalists at the BBC is far better than being saturated with left-wing and right-wing propaganda anchors and pundits from the U. S. networks. There appear to be about 10% of Americans who are left-wing trained seals and 10% who are right-wing trained seals. It's the other 80% of Americans who should search for real news coverage, such as the BBC provides.
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23.8.18

Cuba Makes U.S. Resemble Russia

Collusion? Yes! Annexation? Yes! Etc.? Yes!
Photo courtesy: Carmon Steinbach/U.S. Army/Miami New Times.
     A huge investigative article published this week in the Miami New Times was expertly researched and, to the chagrin of Democracy-lovers like me, revealed anew how the U. S. Cuban policy -- since the Cuban Revolution in 1959 chased the Batista-Mafia leaders to their new capital of Little Havana in Miami -- has shamed both America and Democracy. The above photo was used to illustrate a massively important Miami New Times article entitled: "U.S. Government Has Plans to Spread Hidden Facebook Propaganda in Cuba." At the podium above is extreme Cuban-American Counter Revolutionary Tomas Regalado, a former Mayor of Miami who has spent his adult lifetime in the U. S. trying desperately to overthrow Cuba's revolutionary government using the non-patriotic apathy of the American people as well as their tax dollars and the incomparable power of the United States government as well as the Cuban-exile control of Florida's politics. So why, you ask, haven't unchecked Cuban-Americans like Regalado managed to regain control of Cuba after all these decades? The answer, most likely, is this: There have always been millions of Cubans on the island who do not want a return of the murderous, thieving U.S.-backed Batista-Mafia dictatorship that brutalized and robbed the island at will from 1952 to 1959.


  That brings us back to Miami superstar Tomas Regalado and, specifically, that important article this week in the Miami New Times. I'll provide the title once again to stress that all Democracy-loving Americans and Cuban-Americans should dial it up: "U.S. Government Has Plans to Spread Hidden Facebook Propaganda in Cuba." Those plans were devised by Tomas Regalado and they are a reminder once again that America's Cuban policy -- condemned 191-to-0 by all nations of the world in 2016 when Obama was still the decent U. S. president -- tightly resembles Russia's. For example, Russia is sanctimoniously accused by Americans and by the U. S. media of using Facebook to help Donald Trump get elected President of the United States. And for example, Russia is sanctimoniously accused by Americans and by the U. S. media of annexing Crimea and other easy targets. But neither the propagandized American citizens nor the the politically correct mainstream U. S. media have the guts or patriotism to criticize the United States or Counter Revolutionary extremists like the powerful Tomas Regalado when vast sums of U.S. tax dollars are used to devise anti-Cuban programs to use Facebook and other omnipotent Digital giants to undermine sovereign Cuba's government. Yes, Regalado's scheme, according to the aforementioned Miami New Times article, rates Facebook, YouTube, and Google as the three most used Online outlets by Cubans in Cuba. So, hacking those sources -- or whatever -- like Russia supposedly hacked them to undermine the U. S. democracy is now the latest ploy of Counter Revolutionary extremists in Miami and in the U. S. Congress to undermine Cuba. And, of course, those same Counter Revolutionary Cuban-American extremists think it's perfectly American for the U. S. to steal plush Guantanamo Bay from Cuba just like it was perfectly Russian for Russia to steal Crimea, a theft that equates to the U. S. taking Guantanamo Bay.
     The Miami New Times has a strong reputation for investigative journalism by some of the most respected journalists in Miami's history, such as former New Times and Miami Herald journalist Jim DeFede who is still the best journalist in Miami as a superstar television anchor/reporter.
     The Miami New Times article about how the Miami Counter Revolutionary extremists are taking a page out of Russia's playbook to finally destroy Revolutionary Cuba was written by Jerry Iannelli. A graduate of Temple University who got his Masters in Journalism from Columbia University, Iannelli is a highly regarded investigative journalist in Miami. So, again...if you care even a little bit about the long-standing Batistiano-Mafiosi assault on the U. S. democracy...I urge you to read Iannelli's article this week in the Miami New Times. Then if you agree that a handful of Counter Revolutionary extremists should dictate, for going on seven decades, America's Cuban policies that are condemned 191-to-0 worldwide, FINE!! But Iannelli begins his insightful article with these words: "The United States has even condemned the Russian government and sanctioned its leaders. But at the same time, the U. S. has put together its own plans to use Facebook to foment dissent clandestinely in Cuba." Then Iannelli pointed out that Miami's infamous Gold Mine known as Radio-TV Marti is not alone but "at the center of those plans" to recapture Cuba and supposedly give it back to the Batistiano-Mafiosi remnants who fled the Cuban Revolution for safer havens...such as Miami...in the wee hours of January 1, 1959.
    The Miami New Times article this week quotes John S. Nichols, a Democracy-loving American who also is a Communication and Cuban expert as the highly respected Professor Emeritus at Penn State University's College of Communication. Regarding the plan of Counter Revolutionaries to use Facebook, etc., to undermine Cuba, John S. Nichols said: "It's the most recent of a long line of efforts by Radio and TV Marti. Every time they fail in getting their message into Cuba, they say there has got to be a technological solution. Congress can't seem to recognize that the schemes are a colossal failure. It's small, mean, and not worthy of a great power." In other words, other than making a few Cuban-Americans in Miami and in the U. S. Congress very rich and powerful, such endless schemes as Radio-TV Marti in Miami do two primary things: {1} Suck continuous pipelines of tax dollars from Washington to Miami; and {2} shame the U. S. democracy similar to the way other non-democratic nations shame themselves internationally. A decent Democracy-loving American like John S. Nichols clearly understands such tax-sucking Cuban schemes in Miami as Radio-TV Marti but propagandized Americans are programmed, decade after decade, to cowardly and ignorantly fund it.
    The first great investigative journalist to tell Americans what a money-grabbing farce Radio-TV Marti was-and-is was the great Jeffrey Kofman, who has won every major broadcasting award. A quarter of a century ago Kofman's famous report on ABC News was/is entitled: "Newscast to Nowhere." Again, if you are interested in the USA or Democracy, you should Google it and heed it. Kofman started with these words: "It's the newscast to nowhere -- courtesy of the U. S. taxpayers." He concluded with these words: "The Marti broadcasts are zealously protected by Miami's three Cuban-American congressional representatives who reward their hard-line supporters with jobs. But the 'news' goes on, the Newscast to Nowhere. And no one sees it. The intended audience is the people of Cuba." Kofman explained that Cuba easily blocks the newscasts and, in any case, they are poorly crafted propaganda by mostly non-journalists and even if they got through no sane Cuban on the island would believe such material coming from Counter Revolutionary zealots in Miami. But yet, for decades right up until today the spigots of tax dollars have flushed from Washington to Miami to support Radio-TV Marti.
     The most famous dissident in Cuba is Yoani Sanchez and Cuba allows her to travel around the world to bolster support for her Counter Revolutionary empire back in Cuba. The photo above shows her broadcasting Counter Revolutionary vitriol from MARTI in MIAMI studios.
     During his 8 years as President of the United States, Barack Obama bravely did his very best to correct the Batistiano-grip on the U. S. democracy -- starting with the end of the Embargo that was first imposed in 1962 for the purpose, as revealed by de-classified U. S. documents, to starve, deprive, and make miserable the lives of Cubans on the island to induce them to rise up and overthrow their revolutionary government. And, of course, Obama tried to correct other such cruel farces as the tax-funded Radio-TV Marti gold mine in Miami. But in the end Obama was thwarted by a Batistiano-dictated U. S. Congress and by the gutless lack of support from another generation of non-patriotic American citizens. Then after his two terms as President, the extreme left-wing tilt of the Democratic Party in a two-Party system incredibly elected the totally unqualified Donald Trump as President, the 6th Batistiano-aligned Republican U. S. President since the 1950s.
      As the new Batistiano-aligned President of the United States, Donald Trump anointed Miami's contribution to the U. S. Senate, Marco Rubio, as America's latest Cuban dictator and Commander-in-Chief. In that capacity, among Rubio's many ongoing and major Counter Revolutionary decisions was to gift his old political and financial mentor, Tomas Regalado, as the new head of...you guessed it!!...one of Miami's tax-funded gold mines, Radio-TV Marti.
  The vast two-generational nexus of Tomas Regalado as mentor and Marco Rubio as the eager student defines the past six decades of Cuban-American Counter Revolutionary extremists making out politically and economically on U. S. soil even more than the overthrown U.S.-backed Batista-Mafia dictators had made out in Cuba from 1952 till 1959. For sure, beginning in 1959 the exiles from the Batista-Mafia dictatorship had more than enough money to overwhelm Miami politically and economically, and that situation has not only continued for all these decades but been exacerbated because it has provided educational, business, and political opportunities not available to the less fortunate and less well-heeled everyday citizens of Miami and South Florida.
    And so, out of all that anomalous fall-out from the astounding victory by the Cuban Revolution on Jan. 1-1959, in August of 2018 Tomas Regalado now has the cushy job as head of the Miami gold mine known as Radio-TV Marti. While an intent of Marti is to overthrow and humiliate Revolutionary Cuba with vile, unceasing propaganda, the primary intent -- as so correctly explained decades ago by the great journalist Jeffrey Kofman -- is to reward fellow Counter Revolutionaries in Miami with tax-paid jobs. In Tomas Regalado's case, one of the Counter Revolutionaries he mentored, Miami's U. S. Senator Marco Rubio, rewarded Regalado the job of head man at Radio-TV Marti, a tax-draining enterprise that no unbiased person on the planet can justify. So who is Tomas Regalado?Well, he was born 71 years ago in Havana on May 24th, 1947. In Miami as a part of the Cuban-exile dominance of Miami's political and economic scenes, Regalado was the Counter Revolutionary Mayor of Miami from 2009 till 2017. His new job in 2018, courtesy of his well-trained Marco Rubio, indeed defines how generations of exiles from the long-ago Batista dictatorship in Cuba has re-defined the U. S. democracy...and there actually is very little democracy-loving Americans can do about it. So, how did it happen? Is it all because, beginning in the early 1950s, American citizens allowed right-wing politicians in the White House and in Congress to get away with aligning the U. S. democracy with vicious dictators such as Somoza in Nicaragua, Trujillo in the Dominican Republic, Pinochet in Chile, Batista in Cuba, etc., etc. etc.? That surely is one-half of the equation, and the reasoning was that such U.S.-backed/non-democracy dictators would allow rich Americans to partake in the fleecing of their helpless countries. But the other more everlasting half of the equation relates to the unique phenomenon known as the Cuban Revolution, which, for sure, says a lot more about the United States than it says about Cuba. The Rubio-Regalado nexus in 2018 is a prime example.
Note:
     Tomorrow I will resume this essay from this point with an explanation of how two generations of America's Bush dynasty, without ever being held accountable by U. S. citizens or the U. S. media, elevated Counter Revolutionary Cuban exiles into what today is essentially a powerful government within the bowels of the United States government. To make that case, I will rely on data from unimpeachable experts such as Julia E. Sweig whose must-read seminal book is very appropriately entitled: "What Everyone Needs to Know About Cuba." And not to know what she details in that book is to NOT KNOW a damn thing about U.S.-Cuban relations since the 1950s, and to not know how and why the U. S. democracy has been so altered by what I consider the unholy but mutually beneficial Bush/Cuban-exile alliance.
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21.8.18

Havana Viewed by a Cuban

NOT the View from Little Havana!!
    It is well-known that international superstar Rihanna has an abiding love affair with Havana. The photo above was taken by famed photographer Annie Leibovitz. It shows Rihanna exiting a stairwell after having dinner at the La Guarida paladar {family restaurant} on Concordia Street in Havana. Rihanna then got in the 1959 Chevy Impala {lower-right} to continue her evening in her beloved Cuban capital city. This week -- on August 21, 2018 -- Rihanna posted on Instagram a sparkling video of her dancing on a street in Havana to the song "Summertime" as reported by Vogue Magazine. Rihanna is one of many who have fallen in love with Havana after a first visit, and that's one reason Counter Revolutionaries in the USA try so hard to deny Americans the freedom to visit Cuba. So, let's take a peek at Havana to ascertain why visitors like Rihanna love the historic city SO MUCH.
    A hard-working journalist and photographer in Havana, Vladimir Molina Espada, has a vastly different view and perspective of the Cuban capital than...say...the Counter Revolutionaries who settled safely in Miami's Little Havana neighborhood three generations ago after fleeing the Cuban Revolutionary rebels on January 1, 1959. Therefore, a prime offshoot of that historic event means that, in the USA, the Cuban narrative, for the most part, has been dictated for 6+ decades by remnants from the long-ago ousted Batista-Mafia dictatorship that ruled/ravished the island from 1952 till daylight on the morning of January 1, 1959. Instead of balancing this pictorial essay with images of Havana from vindictive Little Havana sources, I'll now hereby stress the views of his Havana by an actual Cuban in Cuba...Vladimir Molina Espada.
 Two lovers view Havana skyline at night.
Daytime view of Havana Harbor.
An ancient cannon that once guarded Havana Harbor.
Entrance to Havana Harbor.
Havana and the sea.
Havana fishermen at dusk.
Havana musicians are ubiquitous.
Havana artists are ubiquitous too.
An Havana tourist.
More Havana tourists.
Restful, shady outside Havana tables.
Havana native poses for Vladimir.
Refurbished Havana buildings.
More Havana fishermen.
Havana wedding with pigeons.
Havana tourists.
Havana Havana Havana Havana Havana.
Rosy Amaro Perez.
Vladimir's favorite Havana broadcaster.
AND SPEAKING OF HAVANA:
      We are compelled to close with input from Miami's Little Havana. A Little Havana/Miami Cuban-American named Camila Cabello is the latest Cuban to suddenly discover gold in the USA. She was born 21-years-ago -- on March 21, 1997 -- in the Cojimar section of eastern Havana. Her song "Havana" -- "But my heart is in Havana..." -- at last count had amassed 1 billion, 276 million, 444 thousand, and 141 views on YouTube. Monday night -- August 20th, 2018 -- of course, "Havana" won the top prize in the MTV Video of the Year television sweepstakes.
  Any updated review of Revolutionary Cuba's ancient capital city of Havana wouldn't be complete without input from Miami's Counter Revolutionary Little Havana. And so, the magnificent Havana photos by Vladimir Molina Espada must be tempered by the success of Little Havana's new Havana-born superstar -- 21-year-old Camila Cabello and her song "Havana."
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20.8.18

U.S. Experts Clueless About Cuba

Trump Gutted Embassies!!
Photo courtesy: REUTERS/Alexandre Meneghini
     Pusillanimous U. S. citizens have meekly allowed President Trump and Senator Rubio to gut the U. S. embassy in Havana and the Cuban embassy in Washington -- both of which were so bravely and sanely reopened by President Obama for the first  time since 1961. One of the results is that self-ordained Cuban experts in the U. S. government and respected U. S. Cuban experts in the journalistic and academic spheres are basically clueless as to what is happening in Cuba. And the fact of the matter is...more is happening right now on the island than at almost any time since the Cuban Revolution chased the U.S.-backed Batista-Mafia dictatorship to its new Little Havana headquarters in nearby Miami way, WAY back in January of 1959. Since April 19th of 2018 Cuba has had its first non-Castro, non-revolutionary President -- Miguel Diaz-Canel. And for the last few weeks Cuba has had the voluminous draft of a new Constitution that is now being discussed in people-forums at some 35,000 locations and then will be voted on and likely passed via a nationwide referendum vote in February of 2019. Cubans, indeed, are excited about their new President and about the many significant changes in the new Constitution. That is reflected by the photo above that features the huge banner proclaiming: "Nuestra Fortaleaes" -- "Our Strengths." As Trump & Rubio try to become the first Americans/Cuban Americans to overthrow the Cuban Revolution in seven decades, they would know more about what is happening in Cuba if they had left the two Obama-orchestrated embassies open.


     Long considered one of America's greatest Cuban experts, Ted Henken is now about as clueless as Trump & Rubio when it comes to what is taking place in Cuba. Henken's latest rather nonsensical comment on recent developments in Cuba is: "In terms of everyday life I would say the changes are marginal although they are not not-existent." After that tepid and somewhat ignorant {clueless} observation, Henken did admit that the new Constitution will be passed by a referendum consensus "probably early next year." If Trump & Rubio had not gutted the two embassies as a part of their strategy to recapture the island, Henken could have made a more intelligent analysis about what is happening in Cuba today.
      What is happening in Cuba today are spontaneous demonstrations all across the island that make this point: The vast majority of everyday Cubans much prefer the leadership of their new President and their new Constitution than the foreign domination from the likes of Trump & Rubio. In other words, most Cubans STILL do not what a return of the U.S.-backed Batistiano-Mafiosi dictatorship that murderously roiled and robbed the island from 1952 till 1959. And that basic fact, which propagandized Americans are not supposed to realize, is precisely why Revolutionary Cuba has survived for all these decades against such overwhelming odds.
Cubans love their new President.
     If everyday Cubans love their new President, they should have that right regardless of how much it displeases Trump & Rubio. Miguel Diaz-Canel earned his reputation on the island in the provinces far south of Havana as he rose in the ranks to become Education Minister, First Vice-President, and now President. A good and smart man, the Cuban people expect two primary things from Diaz-Canel and they are, in this order: {1} To prevent the Trump-backed Batistiano-Mafiosi element in the United States from recapturing their island; and {2} improving the Cuban economy despite the U. S. embargo that has existed since 1962 and become, easily, history's all-time cruelest and longest embargo ever imposed by a strong nation against a much weaker nation.
     Of course, I speak of the Embargo that both Obama's USA and the rest of the entire world voted to condemn 191-to-0 in 2016, Obama's last year as President before being replaced by yet another Batistiano-aligned Republican president, Mr. Trump. America has a two-party political system and the Republican Party has been tightly aligned, economically and politically and undemocratically with the Batista-Mafia rule in Cuba from 1952 till 1959 and since then with its transplanted Batistiano-Mafiosi remnants in the United States.
     As the Democratic President of the United States for 8 years, the decent Barack Obama did everything in his power to end the Embargo of Cuba but, in the end, he was overpowered by two things: {1] A Batistiano-dominated U. S. Congress; and {2} America's all-time most cowardly, most undemocratic, and most unpatriotic generation of citizens. The only topic in a very diverse world that could likely get condemned by the 191-to-0 unanimity in the United Nations is America's Cuban policy; and only an extremely cowardly, undemocratic, and unpatriotic generation of American citizens would fail to be embarrassed by such international unanimity. Yet, none of those ignorant or afraid citizens can dispute points {1} and {2} as depicted above.
To summarize where we are today:
    Aided by a gutless U. S. citizenry, a dysfunctional and easily bought-and-paid-for U. S. Congress, and an incredibly weak and non-journalistic media, Trump & Rubio are almost unhindered in their quest to recapture Cuba...but even using THAT SITUATION plus the awesome tools of the world's military and economic Superpower, they probably won't succeed in recapturing Cuba.
Because:
  Cubans -- with their new President and their new Constitution -- STILL want to have their sovereign Cuban flag flying over their independent island...NOT a flag waving at the mercy of Trump & Rubio, which would be like the flag that waved SO sadly at the mercy of Batista & the Mafia from 1952 till 1959.
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cubaninsider: "The Country That Raped Me" (A True Story)

cubaninsider: "The Country That Raped Me" (A True Story) : Note : This particular essay on  Ana Margarita Martinez  was first ...